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X-Rays are a necessary part of regular dental checkups. They give your dentist vital information that he/she can’t get from any other source. Your dentist use them to:

• Find cavities between the teeth
• See tartar on the roots
• Find worn-out fillings and cavity under fillings
• Locate receding bone levels from periodontal disease.

Following are three important points to remember while brushing.

• A soft toothbrush
• Toothpaste with fluoride
• With 45 degree angle move the brush over the entire surface of two or three teeth at a time in small, circular motions

"A toothbrush should have soft, rounded bristles; medium, firm and hard bristles damage your gums. The head should be the correct size for your mouth, and the handle should feel comfortable in your hand. While some manufacturers would have you believe that power toothbrushes can perform tooth-cleaning miracles, research by Consumer Reports magazine showed that nothing at home cleans better than a plain, manual toothbrush and dental floss. Be sure to replace your toothbrush every three months."

Most cavities and periodontal disease begin between the teeth. While brushing is important, the bristles of your brush simply don't reach between teeth. You must remove the plaque between your teeth at least once a day. That's why your dentist recommends dental floss.

All floss work pretty much the same. Wind about 18 inches of floss around the middle fingers of each hand, leaving about five inches between your hands. Pinch the floss between your thumbs and index fingers and leave about one inch in between to work with. Gently guide the floss down between the teeth using a side to side motion. If your teeth are too tight to floss, or if it catches or tears, let your dentist know about it. These are problems that need to be fixed

If your gums are infected, they'll bleed when you floss. That's to be expected if you are just beginning to floss. After a week or so of regular flossing the bleeding should go away. See your dentist if it doesn't.

Cavity is a tooth decay. It is primarily caused by acids in mouth. Plaque is the sticky film of food and bacteria that forms constantly on your teeth. It's hard to see plaque without staining it. If you don't remove the plaque every day, these bacteria produce acid that which eventually create a hole in your tooth. That is what a cavity is – a small hole in the outer layer of your thooth.

Finding cavities is sometimes easy, but sometimes it is more difficult. For hard-to-find cavities, a dental explorer and X-rays are used. cavities show up as dark spots

It's far better to catch and restore decayed areas while they're still small and in the enamel layer of the tooth. Once they're in the softer dentin layer, they really grow quickly. If they make it to the pulp chamber, we have a whole new set of problems and a different treatment to discuss - root canal therapy.

The white outside portion of a tooth is called the enamel. Inside the enamel is another hard layer, the dentin. There's a small chamber at the center of the dentin called the pulp chamber. Inside the pulp chamber is the tooth pulp, a soft tissue made up of nerves, arteries, and veins. The pulp extends from the pulp chamber all the way to the tip of the root, through a narrow channel called the root canal

When the nerve of a tooth becomes infected, root canal treatment can save the tooth. Germs causes infection in root canal and that builds up pus at the root tip. This can create a hole in the bone.

An infected tooth will never heal on its own, and as it gets worse, it will continue to be a source of infection that weakens your immune system. This can affect your entire body. This damage to the bone and the swelling inside the bone can also be excruciatingly painful, and even life-threatening. Years ago, an infected tooth would have to be extracted, but today, we can save your tooth with root canal treatment.

In root canal treatment

• First dentist removes the infection.
• Next, he places a post to strengthen the tooth
• Finally he crowns the tooth to protect it.

Small cavities can be fixed with fillings because there is still plenty of healthy tooth structure. However that is not the case with large cavity

When there is a large cavity in the tooth or previously filled large cavity starts breaking they should be fixed by crown. Without a crown to strengthen it, the tooth can break. A crown strengthens a damaged tooth by covering and protecting it.

Like other things, teeth need each other for support. When one tooth is lost, the biting force changes on the teeth next to the space, and they begin to shift. When a tooth no longer has anything to chew against, it begins to extrude out of the socket. You can eventually end up losing the tooth.

As your bite changes, it gets harder and harder to chew your food. This can cause damage to your jaw-joint – the TMJ. It's much harder to clean teeth that have shifted. Harmful plaque and tartar accumulate in these new hard-to-reach places, which can result in cavities, gum disease, and permanent bone loss. Like other bridges, a dental bridge uses abutments for support to hold it in place. Bridges are custom-crafted in a dental laboratory to precisely fit your teeth. A missing tooth really changes a person's smile, but a bridge is a good way to get your smile back!

The crowns used to be made of porcelain and metal. But with the new technology available today, they can be made entirely of porcelain.

To have enough strength to withstand biting forces, porcelain crowns used to always be built upon a metal core. The dark metal inside the porcelain/metal crown causes a dark blue line to show at the edge of the crown.

All-porcelain crowns maintain a translucency that makes them hard to tell from natural teeth. Without metal, the problem of the dark blue line at the edge of the gums is eliminated. This allows your dentist to place the edge of the crown above the gum line, which is healthier for your tooth and gums.

When you want to improve your smile, all-porcelain crowns are a beautiful and natural-looking choice

Teeth darken over time as minerals penetrate the tooth's enamel. Whitening agents work by forcing oxygen through the enamel of the tooth. Stains quickly disappear, without damaging the tooth's structure.

First, impressions of your teeth are taken, and a model is created. A custom whitening tray is constructed from this model.

The trays are filled with a gentle whitening solution, and are inserted and worn over the teeth at night.

The process is safe and fast. You will see a change in as little as 14 days ! Cosmetic whitening is easy and dependable way to a more beautiful smile

Periodontal (gum) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. The word periodontal literally means "around the tooth." Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth.

Periodontal disease can affect one tooth or many teeth. It begins when the bacteria in plaque (the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth) causes the gums to become inflamed.

In the mildest form of the disease, gingivitis, the gums redden, swell and bleed easily. There is usually little or no discomfort. Gingivitis is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. Gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good oral home care.

Untreated gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. With time, plaque can spread and grow below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteria in plaque irritate the gums. The toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the body in essence turns on itself, and the tissues and bone that support the teeth are broken down and destroyed. Gums separate from the teeth, forming pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums) that become infected. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Often, this destructive process has very mild symptoms. Eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed.

There are many forms of periodontal disease. The most common ones include the following.

Aggressive Periodontitis
A form of periodontitis that occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy. Common features include rapid attachment loss and bone destruction and familial aggregation.

Chronic Periodontitis
A form of periodontal disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment and bone loss and is characterized by pocket formation and/or recession of the gingiva. It is recognized as the most frequently occurring form of periodontitis. It is prevalent in adults, but can occur at any age. Progression of attachment loss usually occurs slowly, but periods of rapid progression can occur.

Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases
Periodontititis, often with onset at a young age, associated with one of several systemic diseases, such as diabetes.

Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
An infection characterized by necrosis of gingival tissues, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. These lesions are most commonly observed in individuals with systemic conditions including, but not limited to, HIV infection, malnutrition and immunosuppression.

Teeth darken over time as minerals penetrate the tooth's enamel. Whitening agents work by forcing oxygen through the enamel of the tooth. Stains quickly disappear, without damaging the tooth's structure.

First, impressions of your teeth are taken, and a model is created. A custom whitening tray is constructed from this model.

The trays are filled with a gentle whitening solution, and are inserted and worn over the teeth at night.

The process is safe and fast. You will see a change in as little as 14 days ! Cosmetic whitening is easy and dependable way to a more beautiful smile

You may not realize that persistent swollen, red or bleeding gums, tooth sensitivity, and bad breath are warning signs of periodontal (gum) disease -- a serious infection that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss.

Jot down your answers to the following questions to find out if you have the symptoms of periodontal disease.

1. Do you ever have pain in your mouth?
2. Do your gums ever bleed when you brush your teeth or when you eat hard food?
3. Have you noticed any spaces developing between your teeth?
4. Do your gums ever feel swollen or tender?
5. Have you noticed that your gums are receding (pulling back from your teeth) or your teeth appear longer than before?
6. Do you have persistent bad breath?
7. Have you noticed pus between your teeth and gums?
8. Have you noticed any change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite?
9. Do you ever develop sores in your mouth?

The space between the tooth and gums (called the sulcus) increases when you have gum problems. When it becomes more than 3 mm, it is called pocket. Pockets are notorious hiding places for plaque and bacteria.

It requires different tools and techniques to thoroughly remove the plaque between your teeth and gums. This is called deep cleaning

As soon as your child gets his first tooth, you should begin cleaning the teeth and gums after feedings with a moist gauze pad or washcloth

When your child is comfortable with a toothbrush, brush their teeth twice a day with a special, extra soft infant toothbrush. Use a small dab of toothpaste if your child likes it and if you're sure he won't swallow it. Otherwise it's fine to brush without toothpaste. Gently floss your child's teeth each day

Bottle syndrome is the severe decay of baby teeth caused by the constant presence of milk, formula or juice in a child's mouth

Every time a child drinks anything containing sugar, bacteria in the mouth produce acids that attack the tooth enamel for at least thirty minutes which causes forming of cavities

You should avoid leaving bottle in your baby’s mouth for long time.

X-Rays are a necessary part of regular dental checkups. They give your dentist vital information that he/she can’t get from any other source. Your dentist use them to:

• Find cavities between the teeth
• See tartar on the roots
• Find worn-out fillings and cavity under fillings
• Locate receding bone levels from periodontal disease.

Dental Checklist for Infants and Toddlers

Birth to 6 months

____ Clean mouth with gauze after feedings and at bedtime.

____ Ask your pediatrician or pediatric dentist about fluoride supplements.

____ Regulate feeding habits.

6 to 12 months

____ First tooth should appear; time to see the pediatric dentist for an exam.

____ Begin to brush teeth after each feeding and at bedtime with small, soft-bristled brush.

____ Baby begins to walk; be alert to dental injuries.

____ Wean from breast or bottle by first birthday.

12 to 24 months

____ Follow schedule of exams and cleanings recommended by pediatric dentist.

____ Start using pea-sized portions of fluoridated toothpaste when child is able to rinse.

____ Most primary teeth have erupted.

Wisdom teeth, or "third molars," are the last teeth to develop. If there's room for them, they usually start to appear in the late teens or early 20's, and that's when problems can begin.

An impacted wisdom tooth may push on other teeth. It can be excruciatingly painful when a wisdom tooth that's partially erupted becomes infected. This is a common dental emergency, and can cause pain for days, even after antibiotics are started.

A misaligned tooth can also cause cavities. 
This X-ray shows a wisdom tooth coming in sideways and causing a cavity in the second molar.

Wisdom teeth are nearly impossible to keep free of plaque. Plaque causes decay, as well as periodontal disease, a serious condition which can start near the wisdom teeth and spread throughout the mouth.

Sometimes cysts form around impacted wisdom teeth; they can destroy a tremendous amount of bone before they're even noticed.

This dark area is a cyst that required surgery to repair. With time, the roots of wisdom teeth may grow around a nerve in the jaw which can be damaged during the extraction. This could leave your lip and chin permanently numb.

Because of these many serious potential problems, it's usually better to remove wisdom teeth early, even before they break through the gums.

There are many advantages to removing wisdom teeth in the mid-teen years:

• The roots of the teeth are still short
• There's still a space around them, making them easier to remove
• There's less risk of nerve damage
• Bone will fill in better behind the second molar

All of this adds up to less pain and faster, easier healing.

Sometimes there is no suitable alternative to extraction; your tooth may have to be removed.

But, sometimes a tooth can be saved, using either of these treatments:

1. Root canal therapy, followed by placement of a crown.

2. Surgery - usually bone grafting or root amputation.

Another alternative, delaying treatment, is not recommended. The problem will only worsen over time.

If the tooth is decayed, the cavity will get deeper and move into the nerve. And if the bone around the tooth is degrading, this condition will also worsen.

When decay has progressed to the point where the tooth has to be removed, it is crucial to treat the problem as soon as possible. Otherwise, the infection will spread to other teeth, or worse yet, to the rest of your body. Jaw infections can even be life-threatening.

Remember, it's important to replace a tooth after it's been extracted. A missing tooth can set off a chain reaction in your mouth, resulting in many new problems.

Sealants are very effective on permanent back teeth, but their effectiveness depends on how well they fill the very narrow, deep grooves of the sides and chewing surfaces of each tooth. They don't coat the entire tooth surface, so sealants don't guarantee that teeth will not decay. However, they certainly decrease the chances of decay in the most vulnerable areas of the back teeth.

During a dental procedure, the bacteria normally present in the mouth can enter the bloodstream. For most people, these bacteria cause no problems. However, if you have weak, damaged or replaced heart valves, or have had a joint replaced, these bacteria can cause infections. Your dentist wants to make sure that you are protected. Just be sure to tell her if you are allergic to certain antibiotics.

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